(1999); Wright and Pease (1997). Upper Saddle River , N.J. : Prentice Hall. In J. Miller, C. Maxson, and M. Klein (eds. They also casually leaked information to users about pending drug sweepssome of which occurred, and some of which did not. Operation Crackdown ( London), Newark Foot Patrol Experiment Police Foundation (n.d.). Department, 2001, F-STOP: "Police Crackdowns on Drug Abuse and Trafficking." Deterrence theory posits that crimes can be prevented when the costs of committing the crime are perceived by the offender to outweigh the benefits of committing the crime (Gibbs 1975; Zimring and Hawkins 1973). The program was specifically aimed at youth gun violence as a large-scale problem. [Full text]. Chermak, McGarrell, and Weiss (2001); Caeti (1999); Fritsch, Caeti, and Taylor (1999); Eck and Spelman (1987); Police Foundation (1982); Kelling et al. Effects of gun seizures on gun violence: Hot spots patrol in Kansas City. Since the primary police objectives are to reduce crime and disorder, and the fear they generate, the effectiveness issue is more important than the measurement issue. 0000036235 00000 n For the purposes of this guide, a crackdown is generally defined as follows: Sudden and dramatic increases in police officer presence, sanctions, and threats of apprehension either for specific offenses or for all offenses in specific places. Offender Registration Program, San Diego Police Department, 1995, Sheriff's Schnelle, J., R. Kirchner, J. Casey, P. Uselton, and M. McNees (1977). Kort, P., G. Feichtinger, R. Hartl, and J. Haunschmied (1998). At these meetings, the working group will set forth a two-part message: (a) gun violence must stop immediately or criminal justice agencies will intervene quickly and forcefully against those responsible; and (b) the group is there to support the gang members and youth with intensive services and employment. The Operation Ceasefire entailed deterrence aimed at the group itself, not individuals. Houston's Targeted Beat Program: A Quasi-Experimental Test of Police Patrol Strategies . community organizations (churches, nonprofit groups, schools). Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. Cohen and Ludwig (2002); Sherman (1997); Sherman and Rogan (1995); Sherman (1990); Matthews (1990). in Alcohol Related Fatal and Injury Crashes, Sheriff's 12. As part of the comprehensive program, each selected city must implement a strategy based on partnering, planning, and implementation to reduce its relatively high rate of gang and youth gun violence. The one major pro I as well as we can take away from the movement was that its goal . Wilson, J., and B. Boland (1978). Without some follow-up court intervention or measures to change the environment, intensive enforcement campaigns only temporarily interrupt street prostitution, or move it elsewhere; they do not shut down a street prostitution market entirely.76. There were sixteen targeted gangs and thirty-seven control gangs. D 0000036212 00000 n Kinlock, T. (1994). It's one thing to realize a quick dramatic decrease in some types of offenses, but if that's at the cost of creating great antagonism toward the police on the part of youth and future generations, then police departments are going to have to deal with the consequences of that hostility.25, But loss of public support is not inevitable. On the incentive side, targeted offenders receive information about and access to various services, such as job training and drug treatment (Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy, undated). Street Prostitution. Chermak, S., E. McGarrell, and A. Weiss (2001). Follow-up education, monitoring, drug treatment, counseling, and other measures to integrate prostitutes into a prostitution-free lifestyle are essential. Gateway Neighborhood Recovery Project, Los Angeles County Sheriff's Office, Wessa (2017) was used to run hierarchical clustering. Some prostitutes can be compelled to quit altogether, while others may be forced to work indoors, where they are less susceptible to arrest, but also less of a nuisance. 0000005432 00000 n (1995). 0000041605 00000 n FL, US), 1997, Operation Indianapolis : Crime Control Policy Center, Hudson Institute. Award Finalist], Salt Lake City Police Department, 2001, The European Journal of Operational Research 88:231-250. Davis and Lurigio (1996); Caulkins, Larson, and Rich (1993); Smith et al. Providing adequate treatment services and monitoring offenders after conviction to ensure their sobriety are particularly important to maximize the benefits of drug crackdowns.66 Most drug crackdowns require some period of police maintenance to ensure the market does not reemerge after the crackdown ends.67, A number of local factors affect the likelihood that a specific drug crackdown tactic will be effective against a particular market. Prostitutes, like drug dealers, sometimes adapt to crackdowns by devising new ways to negotiate transactions (e.g., via beepers and cellular telephones). Probably to a lesser degree, crackdowns can also be effective by taking high-rate offenders out of circulation. The Group Violence Intervention (GVI) has been deployed in dozens of cities from Los Angeles to Providence, from Chicago to Nashville over almost 20 years. 26, Potential for abuse. Braga, Anthony A., and David L. Weisburd, "The Effects of Focused Deterrence Strategies on Crime: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Evidence,", Braga, Anthony A., and David L. Weisburd, "Focused Deterrence and the Prevention of Violent Gun Injuries: Practice, Theoretical Principles, and Scientific Evidence,", Braga, Anthony A., David L. Weisburd, and Brandon Turchan, "Focused Deterrence Strategies and Crime Control: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Evidence,". In S. Stevens (ed. Variants that strictly seek to deter individuals (as opposed to gangs) are less effective. Carr, A., J. Schnelle, and J. Kirchner (1980). A key part of the message is that penalties for continued violence would occur immediately, with organizers presenting evidence (e.g., video footage of group members committing crimes) and likely consequences (e.g., unsigned arrest warrants to be signed if violence continues). "Patrol Evaluation Research: A Multiple-Baseline Analysis of Saturation Police Patrolling During Day and Night Hours." In addition to the financial costs crackdowns create for prosecutors, courts, and jails, they create pressure on those operations to adapt to the new workload by forcing other cases and prisoners out of the system.32 Often, that means that offenders are offered lenient sentences in exchange for guilty pleas, which undercuts, to some extent, the crackdown's intended benefits. Over the past 15 years, numerous cities across the country have successfully reduced relatively high rates of gang and youth gun violence through a strategy that brings together and assigns specific roles to criminal justice agencies, organizations that provide employment training and placement, social service agencies, community and faith leaders, and gang outreach programs. Finally, this approach requires regular and accurate monitoring of burglary trends as an early warning system so that the start of any decay in impact can be spotted and acted upon by a re-application of the initial crackdown, which would then be followed by further consolidation work. . 0000030626 00000 n Road Project, Northumbria Police (Northumbria, UK), 2004, The In M. Tonry and N. Morris (eds. See the problem-specific guide on Drug Dealing in Privately Owned Apartment Complexes [Full text] for a discussion of the different challenges presented by open and closed drug markets. Policing, 28(1): 174-188. Sherman, L., J. Shaw, and D. Rogan (1995). Error sending email. A suite of services could include the following (which is not intended to be a complete list): Tip: There is a strong need for case managers to work with at-risk individuals and providers to ensure that the individuals receive the services they need. "Problem-Oriented Policing: Actions and Effectiveness in San Diego ." Department, 1999, Ticketing t"a}A&`wMMq6ZXc9AxaqcpHJs0]'y|1q>%'hyM_EZ92N=b*p2|]eiqBEf:y%8kzN*PoMh DWSWoWa DzQ.`$UDS(lcCw+u>IWLtU_P {\:R}=Z_VBju9~l~ m)lXuc!z~V$v5`"+f(SN! Re: The Pros and Cons of Each Pitching Interface in MLB The Show 23. With the Green, L. (1996). Police Practice and Research 1(4):477-507. Police also posted fliers on storefronts, on electrical boxes, on planters, on windows, at bus stops, and in places identified as drug-dealing sites. The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment is a well-known example of a crackdown that emphasized police visibility only. Most crackdowns include high police visibility, but some do not, notably those in which undercover or plainclothes police are involved. American Journal of Police 9(1):97-116. (1999). A more detailed discussion on these issues can be found in Saunders et al. They are not meant as general punishments of residents in communities with violent gangs. Crime Reduction Plan 91G Squad, Operation (2001). (London, UK), 2008, The 9!PHa&XP@(XIE0EHbY#}Y\:g^ ^Y,fopo4s8pNH,cVZfI[r';cbKPrc-;1RO~{RIL-Zzn; >s/}L For crackdowns to be effective, they must be sufficiently strong and long: strong enough doses of police intervention for long enough periods. It is one of the first and necessary steps in a peace process aimed at transforming or settling a violent conflict. Attorneys assigned to these efforts -- attending Working Group meetings, helping devise strategies and participating with the FBI and ATF in gang call ins to deliver the law enforcement message. Operation Ceasefire's effect on gang related shootings was studied for a period of four years. Operation Hot Pipe, Smoky Haze, and Rehab. However, in practice, police agencies conduct many operations that can be defined as crackdowns, but which are not as well-planned, coordinated, and focused. Crackdowns might also be effective by reducing the numbers of potential offenders and victims coming into contact with one another. The resulting confusion made buying inconvenient and risky. Attorneys work closely with the individual District Attorneys offices in deciding which cases would have most impact under federal prosecution. Impact on the rest of the criminal justice system. Among them are zero tolerance and sweeps . Law Enforcement News 23(461):9. 0000018431 00000 n Davis and Lurigio (1996); Sherman (1990). The effect of the operation is essentially superficial and temporary. Several well-evaluated studies have shown that crackdowns targeting gun offenses can reduce gun-related crime. The quality and focus of these submissions vary considerably. The tactic targeting known offenders with more aggressive investigation proved more effective.48 Intensive field interrogations with an emphasis on seizing guns significantly reduced crime in a Kansas City , Mo. Unfortunately, these activities are not commonly documented, so it is difficult to provide an overall assessment of them. Works, Lancashire Constabulary, 2004, Sex To some extent, the perception of risk is more important than the actual risk. In line with long-standing Australian policy, the case is made for approaches that incorporate and balance demand reduction, supply reduction and harm reduction principles. Often, crackdowns help reduce problems to more manageable levels, which gives longer-term responses a better chance to take hold. Main Office: Operation Hot Pipe's goal was to destroy the perception that University Avenue was a safe and suitable environment for crack users. Others don't need to get caught; just hearing about a crackdown deters them. [Full text]. Crack Abatement: Comparison of Drug Control Strategies . "Proactive Policing Against Street-Level Drug Trafficking." Who is involved in identifying those at risk, especially individuals? Working Paper #89-01-15. Police reasoned that if that group disappeared, the bingers and partyers would have to look elsewhere. Evidence Rating: Effective - More than one study Date: This profile was posted on December 15, 2011 Program Summary This is a problem-solving police strategy, which was designed to reduce gang violence, illegal gun possession, and gun violence in communities in Boston, Mass. TouchBistro POS software starts at $69 per month, including menu management, floor plan and table management, tableside ordering, staff management, reporting and analytics and integration with . Given the frequency and expense of crackdowns, the research is quite limited. When officers conduct a crackdown in a target area they are not normally assigned to, there is a heightened risk that they will not be able to distinguish the truly suspicious from the ordinary as effectively as locally assigned officers.28, Expense. (1974). Multiple responses tend to be more effective than sole responses, but it is more difficult to determine after the fact which particular responses or tactics were most effective. "Assessment of a Concentrated, High-Profile Operation: No Discernible Impact on Drug Availability, Price, or Purity." Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. Consolidating Police Crackdowns: Findings From an Antiburglary Project . Nationally, without the support of a formal evaluation, Boston's Operation Ceasefire pulling . The specific format was designed for interventions with the members of multiple gangs, or of a specified gang collectively, but can also be tailored to individuals. Weisburd, D., and L. Green (1995). There are a number of possible pitfalls to crackdowns, as discussed below. It has informed and does inform political, administrative, and judicial policy to so great a degree that deterrence has been described a primary and essential postulate of almost all criminal law systems., In either case, he will look to the future, not the past: for as Plato says, no wise man punishes any one because he has sinned, but that he may sin no more: for what is past cannot be recalled, but what is to come may be checked.. Heroin users made nervous by crackdowns might rush intravenous drug use; use unclean needles; use the drug in remote places where they might not be found if they overdose; hide the drug in body cavities, increasing the risk of accidental overdose or infection; and more carelessly discard used syringes.71 When buyers and sellers become more wary of one another due to a crackdown, the risk of violence can increase. Those interested should read the original study reports to better judge the reliability of the findings and conclusions. Measures taken to better protect potential burglary victims and their property also contributed to this project's success. Justice Quarterly, 12(4): 673-694. That didn't happen. Our analysis of past focused deterrence studies found some evidence that agencies tended to get positive results on what they targeted directly. "Policing Crime Guns." Aitken, C., D. Moore, P. Higgs, J. Kelsall, and M. Kerger (2002). Power of Partnerships [Goldstein Award Finalist], Aggressive Cars and Trucks (TACT), Washington State Patrol, 2006, West LA Problem-Oriented Guides for Police, No. --- (1990). Behavioral Assessment 2:33-41. Officers used informants to spread the word that the operation was continuing. Respectful and Effective Policing: Two Examples in the South Bronx . For further information on reducing gun-related crime, see the problem-specific guide on Gun Violence Among Serious Youth Offenders [Full text]. 0000052361 00000 n (2002). Reduction at Low Income Housing Development, El US), 1997, Crime other criminally involved individuals or syndicate members who want to avoid trouble. Youth Crime and Anti-Social Behavior on London's Buses, The Alcohol Misuse Enforcement Campaign, Tackling Join Date: Aug 2019. In high-volume arrest campaigns, the chances that police will arrest innocent people increase, unless they take special precautions. As a result of the initiative, merchants reported that business had increased, they felt safer on University Avenue , and they were seeing more families and shoppers on the street. 0000005281 00000 n Washington , D.C. : U.S. Bureau of Justice Assistance. in Alcohol Related Fatal and Injury Crashes, Virginia Beach Police Poorly planned, ill-conceived, and improperly managed crackdowns, intended merely as a show of police force and resolve, can create more problems than they solve. "The Cost of Crackdowns: Policing Cabramatta's Heroin Market." 2. They might also work with federal authorities to identify federal offenses, which have the advantage of putting individuals at risk of being sent to remote federal correctional facilities. Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy, "Focused Deterrence Strategies," webpage, undated. levers strategy was hailed as an unprecedented success (see, e.g. (2002). [12] Since then, Operation Ceasefire has evolved into the National Network for Safe Communities' Group Violence Intervention. Heroin Crackdowns in Two Massachusetts Cities: Executive Summary . Prostitution: Viable Solutions to Solving the Problem, Los Angeles County National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (1968). As Lawrence Sherman noted in his review of crackdowns, [I]t is possible for well-intentioned efforts to make things worse.16, Short-term impact. They may nevertheless contain useful information [Full text], Kennedy, D., A. Braga, A. Piehl, and E. Waring (2001). Police told each person contacted to tell his or her friends that University Avenue was too hot to hang out. Connors, E., and H. Nugent (1990). Those who applied and were eligible were put on drug court probation. Gateway Neighborhood Recovery Project, Middlesbrough's The term crackdown is widely used in reference to policing and law enforcement, although it is often used rather loosely. The plan is based on the work of criminologist David M. Kennedy. An official website of the United States government. [Full text]. Uchida, C., B. Forst, and S. Annan (1992). "Policing for Crime Prevention." Priest, T., and D. Carter. It only supplements the information provided in this guide's main text. [Full text]. Kessler, D., and S. Duncan (1996). Operation Ceasefire was composed of two fundamentals. Consequently, it is important that you develop a solid understanding of the market's dynamics before choosing your tactics. Crackdowns designed to reduce burglary are typically of two types: those that focus on known burglars, and those that focus on other behavior thought to be connected to burglary (e.g., drug dealing, traffic violations, suspicious activity). The machine-learning algorithm divided the studies into four groups. In D. Rosenbaum (ed. ), Drugs and Crime: Evaluating Public Policy Initiatives . These partners are working together to implement an evidence-based, data-driven approach designed to reduce serious gang violence in the near term and on a community-wide level. Los Angeles: Roxbury. "Cracking Down on Crime." Sherman, L. and D. Rogan. Violence Reduction Network, "Utilizing Social Network Analysis to Reduce Violent Crime," briefing, U.S. Department of Justice, undated. American Journal of Police 9(1):43-74. [14] The Chicago extension of the national Project Safe Neighborhoods initiative, has shown 37% reductions in homicide,[15] while the Lowell, Massachusetts, Project Safe Neighborhoods efforts have produced 44% reductions in gun assault. Policing Places With Drug Problems . Overall, the project did not follow its original plan of a continuous cycle of crackdown and consolidation. ??{HU8k2.&3\Fq3aTs\Jm?4OuD6+gF& '"&cD_w\aZ?p/|l1Y.H{~Z-GI->Vc4IVVyu~Ud}*[3U9d. 0000046812 00000 n Nevertheless, the approach undoubtedly has the potential to work, although in this instance the consolidation served only to prolong the impact of the initial crackdown, rather than offer a sustainable solution. [9], In Boston, for example, which at the time had a population of roughly 556,180 people, approximately 1,500 individuals were identified as comprising 61 separate groups. It led to what is now known as the Group Violence Intervention (GVI), typically overseen by the National Network for Safe Communities, out of John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City, but has also been implemented independently by several jurisdictions. Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office. These audits are followed by collecting information from frontline officers on different details (patrol, gang, vice, etc.) Highly extensible with multiple visualization and functionality tools. Estate, Devon and Cornwall Constabulary (Exeter, UK), 2004, Home The bingers and partyers depended on the habitual users for drugs. 0000003735 00000 n Responses other than just crackdowns are often recommended. These groups came together to assess the youth homicide problem and implement the intervention, and found a substantial near-term impact on the problem. Journalists, for example, commonly refer to almost any new police initiative as a crackdown. International Journal of Drug Policy, 13(3):189-198. Law and Society Review 22(1):163-189. Combat uniforms and military-style gear and weaponry, designed to better protect officers as well as convey an image of seriousness, can also heighten fear among casual observers. Violence was particularly concentrated in poor inner city neighborhoods including Roxbury, Dorchester, and Mattapan. Communicating directly with the gang members and youth most likely to commit gun violence: A city will communicate directly with selected gang members and young people. Officers used an undercover, reverse-sting operation, arresting buyers for solicitation. Gersh, J., and K. Beardsley (2000). Justice Quarterly 12(4):625-648. With focused deterrence, the police and representatives from the community engage with those at high risk of being a party to violence and convey clear incentives for avoiding violence and deterrents for engaging in violence. Some crackdowns focus on particular illegal conductrobbery, burglary, drunken driving, speeding, drug dealing, gun-related crimes, etc. The general elements include the following: One of the keys to effective deterrence in the Boston Gun Violence Project was how officials personally and persuasively told high-risk offenders about the new consequences for violent acts (Kennedy et al. Operation Ceasefire and the Safe Community Partnership. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. This study documents the impact of a police crackdown on a street heroin market in a suburb of Melbourne, Australia, as perceived by individuals involved in the market. Adapted from San Diego Police Department (1998). Displacement, where and when it does occur, seldom occurs at 100 percent. In addition to officer wages, crackdowns generate higher costs for booking prisoners, processing arrest files, and processing cases through the legal system, and may incur new equipment and training costs. Among them are, Some crackdowns emphasize police visibility only, whereas others emphasize enforcement action. Closing the Market: Controlling the Drug Trade in Tampa , Fla . Reygan Harmon, Ceasefire Program Director, Oakland Police Department The Group Violence Intervention (GVI) reduces homicide and gun violence, minimizes harm to communities by replacing enforcement with deterrence, and fosters stronger relationships between law enforcement and the people they serve. Justice Quarterly , 3(4):481 - 496. Targeting Firearms Violence Through Directed Police Patrol . documents are unedited and are reproduced in the condition in which 15. These campaigns significantly increase the risks of arrest, at least temporarily, bringing large numbers of prostitutes and clients into the formal justice system. Wessa, Patrick, Free Statistics Software, Office for Research Development and Education, version 1.1.23-r7, 2017. Thousand Oaks , Calif. : Sage. Or worse, prosecutors may choose not to prosecute the cases at all. 11, Crackdowns hold substantial appeal for the public, police, and government officials. To make the two outcomes roughly consistent for presentation in the table, reported drops in crime for high-risk areas and populations were reduced by 50 percent to make them more comparable to entire regions. "Optimal Enforcement Policies (Crackdowns) on an Illicit Drug Market." Area Cadillac/Corning Neighborhood Project, Department of Justice COPS Response Center, Yes, spatial displacement to adjacent precincts, No, but had a positive effect on public perceptions of safety, No, increased citizen satisfaction with police, No, did not reduce robbery or auto theft or have any measurable effect on traffic crashes, High volume of traffic stops in drug market areas; aggressive traffic enforcement; field interviews; street- level drug enforcement; follow-up investigation of arrestees; case- building, Yes, reduced burglary in three out of four districts; reduced robbery in one out of four; reduced auto theft in all four (by 43%, 50%, and 53% in three districts), while the citywide crime rate was climbing, Saturation patrol (four times the normal level, and 30 times the normal level of "slow patrol"), Yes, reduced nighttime, but not daytime, burglary; concluded that the crackdown was not cost-effective, All crimes (specially intended to reduce crimes considered suppressible: burglary; street and commercial robbery; assault; auto theft; thefts from yards, autos, or buildings; DUI; possession of stolen property or weapons; and disorderly conduct), Aggressive traffic enforcement, especially of speeding, signal violations, seat belt violations, DUI, and license and registration violations; from 140% to 430% increase above normal levels, Mixed results: there were significant reductions in Part I crimes (mainly burglary and larceny) in three out of four target areas, but there was less evidence of a significant impact on assaults and Part II offenses, Yes, but the effect was modest; concluded the crackdown was not cost- effective, Subway patrol by Guardian Angels (private patrol force), No, but there was a short-term reduction in citizen fear, Overtime to put 655 additional officers in the seven highest crime beats in the city; high-visibility patrol; hot-spot monitoring; zero tolerance; problem-oriented approaches, Yes, there were significant reductions in UCR Index crimes, No displacement; some diffusion of benefits to adjacent areas, Assault, malicious damage to property, and offensive conduct, Regular but unpredictable visits to licensed premises to check for breaches of licensing laws, Raids; arrests of burglary suspects; seizure of stolen property, West Yorkshire, England (Boggart Hill area), Targeted and intensive enforcement against known burglars, followed by repeat victimization reduction efforts (target hardening, educating elderly potential victims of burglary by deception) and youth outreach programs, Yes, there was a significant reduction in burglary and repeat victimization, No evidence of spatial displacement; some evidence of diffusion of benefits to other types of crime (auto theft), Intense intermittent patrol at known hot spots (100% increase in patrol time at hot spots), Yes, there was a modest effect (25% less disorder at hot spots), Identification and analysis of drug hot spots; engagement of business owners and citizens in crime control efforts; increased pressure on open-air markets (through drug enforcement, code enforcement, license regulation), maintained by patrol, Yes, there were consistent and strong impacts in reducing disorder-related emergency calls for service, but there was no impact on violent or property offenses, No evidence of displacement; some evidence of diffusion of benefits to adjacent areas, Enforcement of truancy and curfew laws; high- visibility patrol, with lots of stops and frisks by six to eight officers in areas where gangs hung out, Yes, there were significant reductions in gang violence, Two alternative interventions: 1) increased traffic enforcement on major arteries, with lots of stops of limited duration (general deterrence strategy); 2) traffic stops of suspected gang members and drug dealers, of longer duration, with more investigation and vehicle searches, Yes, the second intervention tactic resulted in significant reductions in gun-related crimes, aggravated assault, and homicide; there were no similar reductions resulting from the first intervention tactic, Little evidence of displacement; no evidence of geographic diffusion of benefits; modest evidence of residual deterrence effects 90 days after intervention, No, evidence of high level of public support both before and after intervention, Intensive enforcement of gun- carrying laws (Terry stops, searches incident to arrest, car stops and searches, plain-view searches,); door-to-door solicitation of tips; police training to interpret gun-carrying cues; field interviews in known gun crime hot spots, Yes, there was a 49% reduction in gun crimes in the target area during the intervention period, compared with the prior 29-week period; there were declines in both drive-by shootings and homicides; there was no apparent effect on total calls for service, other violence calls, property offenses, or disorder; the community became less fearful of crime and more satisfied with the neighborhood, Yes, modest spatial displacement; some evidence of diffusion of benefits to two adjoining beats, Extra dedicated police patrols on high-crime days of week and times of day for 14 weeks; traffic and pedestrian stops and searches; targeting of hot spots and times based on crime analysis, Yes, reduced shots fired by 34% and hospital-treated assault gunshot injuries by 71%, No evidence of temporal or spatial displacement; residual deterrence effects lasted about two weeks, No, no reported citizen complaints against police, Locating, cutting down, and burning marijuana plants; asset seizure and forfeiture; drug enforcement, No (but the methodology limited the findings), Public disorder (street cruising, loud music, and public drinking), Liquor license agents issued citations for open containers and other alcohol violations; local police parked police cars at intersections to monitor cruising; lasted for one month in 10-by-12- block area; no media publicity, Extra police patrols put on subways from 8 PM to 4 AM ; nearly every station and train had a uniformed officer on duty; total transit system police force increased by 250%, Yes, minor offenses and felonies declined significantly due to increased patrol, but at substantial extra cost (about $35,000 per felony crime prevented); there was some question as to whether police reporting procedures accounted for some of the claimed reduction, No displacement; residual deterrence effects for eight months, Robbery, burglary, grand theft, petty theft, auto theft, assault/ battery, sex crimes, and malicious mischief/ disturbances, Yes (there was some evidence that burglary, petty theft, and malicious mischief/disturbances are the most suppressible), Stiffer sanctions for speeding convictions: 30-day license suspensions for first offense, 60 for second, indefinite for third, Not definitive; the overall conclusion was that the crackdown was a substantial enforcement effort, but some of its effects were mitigated in practice, Speeding and other traffic problems, crime, and disorder and blight, Saturation patrol by about 30 officers/agents from various agencies; about 10 times the normal level of police activity in the area; traffic unit focused on traffic problems; alcohol agents worked bars; sheriff's deputies supervised inmates doing community service; traffic arrests increased tenfold; police made highly visible arrests in well-traveled parking lot at major intersection, Yes, there was some evidence of a modest effect on reported crime; unable to measure the effect on traffic crashes (weak evaluation), Regular patrol supplemented by specialized units (10 times the normal level); field interviews; citations; surveillance; arrest of street drug dealers and buyers; high-visibility presence (including setting up a mobile police command post); code enforcement; cleanup; public works repairs; trimming of foliage, Yes, total reported Part I offenses and violent crime declined significantly (by 92%) during the crackdown period and rates were unchanged in the comparison area; Part I property crimes and calls for service declined, but not significantly, No spatial displacement of crimes, but significant displacement of calls for service to adjacent areas; some evidence of diffusion of benefits to adjacent areas; residual deterrence effects lasted about six months, Buy-busts and high police visibility in hot spots with high mobility; vehicle seizures and confiscations; initial crackdown operation never lasted longer than 90 days in an area, but maintenance crackdowns occurred as necessary; initiative claimed to incorporate community involvement and interagency collaboration to address drug market conditions, but there is little evidence this occurred, There was a limited impact; there was an immediate benefit, but conditions returned to normal soon after the TNTs left; there were no measurable effects on public perceptions of crime, quality of life, or police-community relations; there was some increase in fear because drug dealing moved indoors to apartment hallways; there were some positive effects in making drug markets less visible in the target blocks, Yes, some displacement to indoor locations, No, some evidence community was largely unaware of crackdown in their neighbor-hood; community leaders generally supportive of crackdown, Operation Pressure Point (two smaller Pressure Point operations conducted in subsequent years), 240 uniformed officers on foot patrol to disperse crowds; increased arrests; field interviews; warnings and parking tickets; searches; mounted park patrols; canine units to clear buildings; surveillance and buy-busts; anonymous tip lines; raids on dealing locations; asset forfeiture; increased likelihood of conviction and severity of sentences; custodial arrests made instead of citing and releasing; additional responses to address environmental conditions, Yes, the search time for drugs increased; there was a reduction in heroin-related street activity; there were reductions in selected crime rates: burglary (37%), robbery (47%), grand larceny (32%), and homicide (62%); the neighborhood was revitalized; there was an increased demand for drug treatment, Mixed evidence: one study reported no spatial displacement, another reported displacement to other areas in and around city; some evidence of diffusion of benefits to adjacent areas, Observation by four 10-officer teams; arrests for drug dealing, public drinking, etc.
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pros and cons of operation ceasefire