which ecosystem likely has the highest biodiversity?

Theroot systemof plants helps prevent flooding. This Map Shows Where Biodiversity Is Most at Risk in America Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, OX1 3SZ, Oxford, UK, Shahzoda Alikhanova&Joseph William Bull, You can also search for this author in Turkish J Zool 38:590597. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6652-5_13, Toderich KN, Shuyskaya EV, Taha FK, Matsuo N, Ismail S, Aralova DB, Radjabov TF (2013b) Integrating agroforestry and pastures for soil salinity management in dryland ecosystems in Aral Sea basin. Drylands cover over 45% of the global terrestrial area, and are home to nearly one-third of the global human population, 90% of which reside in developing countries (UNCCD, 2017), (IUCN, 2017), (Prvlie, 2016). However, (Taillardat, Thompson, Garneau, Trottier, & Friess, 2020) argue that conserving existing wetlands is more cost-efficient as opposed to their restoration in terms of contribution to climate change mitigation, large initial investments, and subsequent operation costs. Although all of these insects have a similar structure and may be genetic cousins, the beautiful variety of colors, shapes, camouflage, and sizes showcase the level of diversity possible even within a closely-related group of species. 184. Also, wetlands in drylands are considered crucial for regional biodiversity (Williams, 1999), and the vital importance of wetlands and ecosystem services they provide in dry areas such as the Aral Sea region cannot be neglected. Some environmental groups are working to create asustainablemushroom population to satisfy consumers as well as the local ecosystem.Around the globe, thousands ofwildernessareas have been set up toconserveplants, animals, and ecosystems. Tech. PubMedGoogle Scholar. To distinguish NbS from other conservation actions, IUCN specifies seven societal challenges, at least one of which needs to be addressed. https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2019.1705401, Anonymous (2022) Personal communication. Afforestation, as recently seen as a major viable solution to rehabilitate the ecosystems of the dried-out Aral Seabed, has a number of benefits and yet challenges that need to be balanced out before any decision is made on increasing investments in plantations. Uzbekistan currently has three wetlands included in the list of Wetlands of international importance (The Ramsar Convention Seceretariat. In some cases, it has been demonstrated that protected areas can, among other things, provide human health benefits and thus can offset healthcare costs (Oberle, Mackinnon, & Sandwith, 2021). A helpful way to understand genetic diversity is to think about dogs. Ecosystems can also contain species too small to see with the naked eye. W - low niche diversity and warm water temperatures. Yet a study by Smithsonian scientists, published this week in the journal Science, shows that. We consequently include it as a type of nature-based solution in this review. (2020a) https://lex.uz/ru/docs/5091575, Di Sacco A, Hardwick KA, Blakesley D, Brancalion PH, Breman E, Cecilio Rebola L, Antonelli A (2021) Ten golden rules for reforestation to optimize carbon sequestration, biodiversity recovery and livelihood benefits. CAS Springer Netherlands. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. What is an ecosystem? C. Ecosystems with more species diversity are more likely to recover after a disturbance than ecosystems with low species diversity. Agenda item 19. (Schlter, et al., 2013), some of the wetlands in the Aral Sea region are being maintained using drainage water. There is the Cassia crossbill, a finch with a twisty beak found in a single county in Idaho. Tropical forests are widely considered to have the greatest species diversity of the terrestrial biomes but diversity is also high in the temperate deciduous biome and Low species diversity : The tundra biome has the least biodiversity, but the northern coniferous biome also has low species diversity. Part of Springer Nature. Other than adding vocabulary, what developments occur in Hence, these examples do not fully satisfy NbS definition framed by the IUCN, which stipulates provision of societal benefits as a result of NbS approaches. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Also, plantations of non-native monocultures were reported to be of low value for the revival of the local biodiversity (Zhang, Sun, Huettmann, & Liu, 2022), and demonstrated increased chances of susceptibility to diseases and pests (Seddon, et al., 2020). Overuse of natural resources. There is scant evidence of research and development activities happening before or after afforestation in the Aralkum desert in the literature, beyond the publications cited above. For instance, local residents in Muynak region of Karakalpakstan get hired by the State Forestry Committee to collect the seeds of saxaul plants on a seasonal basis. Imperiled species are supposed to be, but that can be tricky depending on what the land is used for. Overcoming the coupled climate and biodiversity crises and their Nature-based solutions, as a recently emerged approach for sustainably mitigating and adapting to environmental challenges, have gained considerable attention in the scientific literature recently. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.07.012, Toderich KN, Shuyskaya EV, Rajabov TF, Ismail S, Shaumarov M, Yoshiko K, Li EV (2013a) Uzbekistan: Rehabilitation of desert rangelands affected by salinity, to improve food security, combat desertification and maintain the natural resource base. This single pixel includes seven species, such as the Escambia map turtle, narrow pigtoe mussel and round ebonyshell mussel. 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United Nations General Assembly (2021) Seventy-fifth session. The International Innovation Centre for the Aral Sea Basin, which among others is carrying out testing and planting trees in the Aral Seabed, confirmed they do not have enough human capacity and financial resources to undertake monitoring of afforested areas (Anonymous, 2022), although they had announced a country-wide fundraising campaign to plant trees and had received monetary donations both from individuals and organizations Footnote 8,Footnote 9. The continent of Africa is home to tropical rainforests, alpine mountains, and dry deserts. The research, published in the journal Ecological Applications, and the related maps were a partnership between NatureServe and its network of state partners, the geographic mapping platform Esri, and the Nature Conservancy. The analysis found that the habitats of hundreds of imperiled species were entirely outside of the green areas above. Across the continental United States, private land makes up almost 70 percent of areas with important concentrations of unprotected imperiled species, the researchers found. A large area of a forest will likely have higher biodiversity than a smaller area of the same forest. Environmental Management (2023). Slider with three articles shown per slide. It provides us with an array of foods and materials, and it contributes to the economy. Theres the tiny patch-nosed salamander in northern Georgia and across the border in South Carolina. Antarctica, covered almost entirely by an ice sheet, has low biodiversity. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12790, Agency of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea. Areas with extremely high levels of biodiversity are called hotspots. Aquat Conserv: Mar Freshw Ecosyst 9:517522. Which biome has the greatest species diversity? Least diversity? Protected areas, as a means of environmental restoration on a wider landscape scale by encompassing multiple ecosystem types, seem to have more of a quantity rather than a quality approach in Uzbekistan. Invertebrates are animals without backbones, including insects, crustaceans, sponges, scorpions, and many other kinds of organisms. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.10.004, Matsui K, Watanabe T, Kussainova M, Funakawa S (2019) Soil properties that determine the mortality and growth of Haloxylon aphyllum in the Aral region, Kazakhstan. Wetlands in the Aral Sea basin are reported to be unstable in terms of their hydrological regimes and are highly dependent on the water inflow, which in turn defines their salinity levels and ability to support native biodiversity (Schlter, et al., 2013). Drylands and land degradation. https://rsis.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/rsiswp_search/exports/Ramsar-Sites-annotated-summary-Uzbekistan.pdf?1647505458, The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics. However, it is worth underlining that the effectiveness of protected/conserved areas cannot be equated to their existence only, management is a key to ensuring both environmental and societal benefits are gained to qualify to be considered as a NbS. The issues with human-biodiversity interaction in wetlands, where artemia is grown and harvested, sustainability of yields, water availability and its quality yet need to be researched to comply with NbS criteria. Central Asia, which contains extensive dryland ecosystems, is among the regions most heavily impacted by the global climate change, and the trends are projected to accelerate in the coming decades (Lioubimtseva & Henebry, 2009), (Yushanjiang, Zhang, & Leong Tan, 2021), (Schlter, et al., 2013), (Yang, et al., 2019) putting even more pressure on precious natural resources and already fragile ecosystems. With its large geographic extent and range of ecosystems from tundra to tropical forests, the United States has incredibly high levels of biodiversity. According to Walter Jetz, an ecologist who leads Yale Universitys biodiversity mapping efforts, its essential that policymakers make data-driven decisions about which areas to protect. Scientists and communities are making a special effort to preserve biodiversity in these regions.Biodiversity can also refer to the variety ofecosystemscommunities of living things and their environments. The issue with low plant survival rates on the dried-out seabed in Uzbekistan is not uncommon: according to Shomurodov et al., (2021), survival rate of plant species in afforested areas is as low as 20%. Biodiversity is extremely important to people and the health of ecosystems. Annotated List of Wetlands of International Importance: Uzbekistan. (A biological community is an interacting group of various species in a common location.) The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. The system is dynamic and thus offers a wide range of species. 2. Wetlands were included as a search term to ensure we captured those that are nested into larger dryland landscapes, including the following inland water bodies: lakes, ponds, and ephemeral wetlands. Agroforestry can significantly contribute to enhancing food security in where there is water scarcity and climate change impact in drylands, diversifying income opportunities, restoring biodiversity, enhancing carbon sequestration and reducing pressure on natural forests where they occur (Di Sacco, et al., 2021), (Aleksandrova, Lamers, Martius, & Tischbein, 2014), (Lamers, Bobojonov, Khamzina, & Franz, 2008). Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. In the early 1900s, Americanchestnut blightkilled most of the chestnut trees in the eastern forests of North America. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.4065, Yushanjiang A, Zhang F, Leong Tan M (2021) Spatial-temporal characteristics of ecosystem health in Central Asia. The relative cost-efficiency of NbS (Bonn, Allott, Evans, Joosten, & Stoneman, 2016), (Girardin, et al., 2021) has led to their increased popularity recently.NbS offer quite a range of benefits (Seddon, et al., 2020), (Girardin, et al., 2021), including biodiversity conservation, ecosystem restoration, climate change mitigation and adaptation.As drylands around the world are projected to . Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms within a given area. According to reports, Central Asia and Uzbekistan in particular, is among the areas most effected by dust and salt storms due to soil and wind erosion (Li, Ma, & Zhang, 2020) with an alarming number of people with respiratory diseases caused by these natural events (Li, Ma, & Zhang, 2020). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in They're all part of the species biodiversity of this small ecosystem. The application of nature-based solutions, such as the large-scale afforestation of the Aral Seabed, potentially creates alternative income sources for the local population. Uniting all Americans to ensure wildlife thrive in a rapidly changing world, Inspire a lifelong connection with wildlife and wild places through our children's publications, products, and activities, National Wildlife Federation is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Because brown tree snakes have no predators on Guam, they quickly multiplied. The Southeastern United States has a high concentration of freshwater mussels, those humble mollusks that help keep streams and rivers clean by filtering water. https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2013.855958, Schad P (2014) World reference base for soil resources 2014. https://www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf, Schlter M, Khasankhanova G, Talskikh V, Taryannikova R, Agaltseva N, Joldasova I, Abdullaev U (2013) Enhancing resilience to water flow uncertainty by integrating environmental flows into water management in the Amudarya River, Central Asia. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-018-8189-z, Article (2022) https://lex.uz/docs/5892355, Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the establishment of South Ustyurt National Park (in Uzbek language). Springer Netherlands. . Which ecosystem has the highest biodiversity? The final list was formed based on the recently formalized definition of nature-based solutions by the IUCN neglecting small-scale interventions, which in some cases the authors considered to represent NbS. California has the most imperiled biodiversity of any state in the contiguous United States. Due to its diversity of freshwater and marine ecosystems, the United States ranks particularly high in terms of fish species. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. o innate immune system Aggravating climate change (Ragab & Prudhomme, 2002) and unsustainable agricultural practices, as well as desiccation of the Aral Sea are reported to have had further negative consequences on the wetlands in the Amu Darya and Syr Darya river basins, and thus on the avifauna of the wetlands in the region (Kasprzykowski, Goawski, Mitrus, & Staski, 2014), (Lemly, Kingsford, & Thompson, 2000), (Schlter, et al., 2013). Species go extinct because of natural shifts in the environment that take place over long periods of time, such as ice ages. Why losing Australia's biodiversity matters for human health The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. Lack of monitoring is another issue determining the success of afforestation in the Aral Sea region. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2020.09.001, Oberle B, Mackinnon K, Sandwith T (2021) Vital sites: Protected and conserved areas offer solutions for building back better. Sustain Sci 15:12551266. There are hundreds of species known to be globally critically imperiled or imperiled in this country that have no protection under federal law and often no protection under state law, said Healy Hamilton, chief scientist at NatureServe, a nonprofit conservation research group that led the analysis behind the map. Number of studies covering NbS application in global drylands with selected examples. The Agency of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea, established in 1998 specifically to implement projects of the Aral Sea Basin Programs (Agency of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea, 2022a), has been undertaking activities on restoring and creating wetlands in the southern Aral Sea region with the financial support of the government of Uzbekistan since 1995 (Agency of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea, 2022b). Biodiversity refers to every living thing, including plants, bacteria, animals, and humans. . Jamba 10. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v10i1.400, Bonn A, Allott T, Evans M, Joosten H, Stoneman R (2016) Peatland restoration and ecosystem services: Nature-based solutions for societal goals. Nature 593:191194. 2005). As biodiversity decreases, these systems break down.Hundreds of industries rely on plant biodiversity.Agriculture, construction, medical andpharmaceutical, fashion, tourism, andhospitalityall depend on plants for their success. Biodiversity includesplants,animals, fungi, and other living things. The most diverse group of animals are invertebrates. Biodiversity is also an important part of ecological services that make life livable on Earth. In areas with lots of biodiversity, insects and other creatures pollinate plants naturally. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2008.9752644, Lemly AD, Kingsford RT, Thompson JR (2000) Irrigated agriculture and wildlife conservation: Conflict on a global scale. Availability of actual data on the outcomes of implemented efforts, namely afforestation and wetland rehabilitation to minimize duplication of efforts and to provide a basis for scientific research. Occupying less than one percent of the ocean floor, coral reefs are home to more than 25% of all marine life. Sustainability and cost-effectiveness of wetlands restoration in the Aral Sea region of Uzbekistan. High niche diversity refers to the presence of multiple traits in the same or different species, which is a characteristic of ecosystems with a high biodiversity. When people introduce species from one part of the world to another, they often have no naturalpredators. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2014.996283, Djoudi H, Brockhaus M, Locatelli B (2013) Once there was a lake: Vulnerability to environmental changes in northern Mali. In the long term, rehabilitation of degraded rangelands in the Aral Sea basin has a potential to improve livelihood options of local pastoralists. Inland Waters 11:445456. . These two seemingly similar ecosystems have a lot of differences that make them both special. 2). Another way to measure biodiversity is genetic diversity . Sci Total Environ 599-600:967980. (2020b) https://lex.uz/ru/docs/5123920, Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on additional measures related to the organization of protected areas on forestlands. Biodiversityrefers to all the different kinds of living organisms within a given area. Protected areas (PA) that lead to biodiversity conservation and climate mitigation benefits could represent a cost-effective nature-based solution (Mackinnon, Mrema, Richardson, Cooper, & Gidda, 2021), (Roberts, OLeary, & Hawkins, 2020). WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST. On a much smaller scale, one can study biodiversity within a pond ecosystem or a neighborhood park. Rome, Feng S, Fu Q (2013) Expansion of global drylands under a warming climate. Springer Netherlands. Forest Service; White Mountain false pennyroyal via Robert Sivinski; Escambia map turtle via Jim Godwin; Narrow pigtoe and round ebonyshell mussels via Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Freshwater Mussel Conservation Program, The comments section is closed. 5. Failure among afforestation efforts was more frequent compared to reforestation due to the fact that trees did not naturally occur in areas where they were planted. (S. Alikhanova, Interviewer), Arashkevich EG, Sapozhnikov PV, Soloviov KA, Kudyshkin TV, Zavialov PO (2009) Artemia parthenogenetica (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) from the Large Aral Sea: Abundance, distribution, population structure and cyst production. Conserv Biol 33:812820. The term nature-based solutions is relatively new, hence more evidence-based documentation of success stories around the world is needed to validate both cost-efficiency and long-term applicability of these practices, especially in those regions with newly formed ecosystems like the Aralkum. Drylands, which are among the worlds most vulnerable areas to the impacts of climate change and cover a little less than the half of the global terrestrial surface, were the focus of this study. Large-scale afforestation as NbS in the dried-out Aral Sea basin presents opportunities for further research in lieu of absence of documented evidence on the environment, both positive (e.g., the extent of sand transfer reduction) and negative (e.g., impact on groundwater resources). Land 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11010107, Williams WD (1999) Conservation of wetlands in drylands: A key global issue. A global approach. This single pixel includes six species, such as the tricolored bat, Golden-cheeked warbler and Jollyville Plateau salamander. (Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Additional measures for the creation of forests in the regions and of the green cover in the Aral Sea region, 2020b), (Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the establishment of South Ustyurt National Park (in Uzbek language), 2020a), (Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on additional measures related to the organization of protected areas on forestlands, 2022), My Garden in the Aral Sea International innovation Centre for Aral Sea basin under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan (iic-aralsea.org), FAO classification of soil types (Schad, 2014), Abdalla K, Mutema M, Chivenge P, Everson C, Chaplot V (2022) Grassland rehabilitation significantly increases soil carbon stocks by reducing net soil CO2 emissions. States of the Union: Ranking America's Biodiversity. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. Shahzoda Alikhanova. Also, NbS are considered amongst those tools with the greatest potential to reach the UN Sustainable Development Goals (Dubey, Singh, Chaurasia, Pandey, & Singh, 2021), (Gmez Martn, Giordano, Pagano, van der Keur, & Mez Costa, 2020), which Uzbekistan has committed to achieving by 2030 (The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics, 2022). Curr Opin Environ Sustain 45:4955. The sandy desert in the very east of Uzbekistan, covering a territory of about 5,5 million hectares (Summary report on the LDN target setting programme in the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2019), the former Aral Sea left behind, is now widely referred to as the Aralkum desert (Fig. Arid Land Res Manag 28:410427. Hence option B is correct. California has the most imperilled biodiversity of any state in the contiguous United States. Glob Change Biol 27:13281348. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3642, Kumar N, Khamzina A, Knfel P, Lamers JP, Tischbein B (2021) Afforestation of degraded croplands as a watersaving option in irrigated region of the aral sea basin. The plants need healthy soil to grow. Medicines that treat some forms ofcancerhave been made from therosy periwinkle, a flower that grows on the African island of Madagascar. The chart shows information about four ecosystems. A Certified Wildlife Habitat provides food, shelter, water, and a place for native wildlife to raise youngthe essential elements of habitat that wildlife need to survive. Over the history of the planet, most of the species that ever existed evolved and then gradually went extinct. The study area, the Uzbek part of the Aral Sea region, is characterised as a dryland by the UNCCD (UNCCD, 2017), and, specifically, a dry sub-humid area. Ecosystems of Oceans and Freshwater: Biological Diversity and Water Sudochye-Akpetki state wildlife sanctuaryFootnote 6 total area: 2805.07km2, year of designation: 2021. A water ecosystem with high niche diversity and warm water temperatures will likely have a high biodiversity. The most common cases of ecosystem-based approaches (Cohen-Shacham, et al., 2019), an alternative to NbS suggested widely in the literature reviewed, appeared to be afforestation, agroforestry and wetland restoration with the prevailing number of studies originating from China (Fig. An additional nested search was performed to expand the general results to the geographic case study region of focus, using the following combinations (TITLE-ABS-KEY) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, English, Russian)): nature-based AND solutions AND Central Asia, nature-based AND solutions AND Aral Sea, ecosystem-based AND Aral Sea, rangeland AND Aral Sea, grassland AND Aral Sea, wetland AND Aral Sea. We highlight which NbS show the most promise in the Aral Sea region and conclude with a discussion of existing gaps in the literature on NbS in drylands, and opportunities for further research. in pea plants, round peas (R) are dominant to wrinkled peas (r). Southern Appalachia is a hotspot for species at risk of vanishing. The non-systematic review primarily focused on the grey literature (i.e., the IUCN handbooks and guidance, as well as the UN resolution papers). One of the most popular and safe pain relievers,aspirin, was originally made from the bark of willow trees. January 1, 2002. Water-Based Ecosystems We can break water-based ecosystems into three categories. Atmos Chem Phys 13:1008110094.

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